Primality, Factorisation & Residues (Miller-Rabin, Pollard Rho, Tonelli-Shanks)
Miller-Rabin primality test, Pollard Rho factorisation, Tonelli-Shanks for quadratic residues, cubic residues via F_p[t]/(t^3-a), quartic residues by double square root, and general k-th residues via primitive root + BSGS, plus …